Forms and Classification of Online Business Free Essays

Forms and classification of online business According to (Adam, Z. R. ), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. We will write a custom essay sample on Forms and Classification of Online Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact with each other online. About 80% of online businesses are of B2B type. Business-to-consumer is e-commerce between companies and consumers. It is the second largest in growth and numbers among the types of E-commerce. It basically is interactions between consumers whether they transact online or offline or just gather information about products that are being offered by the company. Examples of such companies that are of B2B are Amazon and Costco. Business-to-government is e-commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations Consumer-to-consumer is e-commerce between private individuals with their fellow consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by online markets and online auctions wherein these sites serve as a medium for consumers to transact with other consumers. This type of e-commerce is said to have huge potential of growth out of all the types of e-commerce. Consumer-to-business is e-commerce that is likened to reverse auction. It is basically the opposite of selling wherein a company would respond to a consumer’s need. This type of e-commerce is rarely encountered. However, e-bays report that there is a large number of this type of e-commerce wherein they earn millions of dollars every day. Mobile commerce is e-commerce wherein transactions from businesses to consumers are done through wireless networks through the medium of PDA’s and portable handheld devices. Business Models used on the Internet According to (Starting an internet business- we make it simple), there are numerous ways on making money in the internet. There are business models on which they are differentiated on how they execute and return profit. Some of these are retail while some use the power of information to sell. Affiliate Marketing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the most common type of Internet business around. It objective is to market and sell someone  else’s  product. There are various ways to market the brand both on and offline. Passive (or niche sites)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ sites designed to market advertising and/or products that require little to no maintenance. These sites can be focused on small subjects or some are built to be big multi-subject sites. The main intention here is build, promote and forget. Information Sites – this could fall into the category of passive. These sites are built for advertising; they target a narrow subject and are intended to make money primarily from advertising. Once set up and promoted, they only require occasional maintenance. Other specific business models are Product creator wherein creating one’s product be it a fashion line, shoes, and etc as long as it’s an original product and not someone else’s. Its difference with affiliate marketing is that Product creator makes one’s products and sells it as well. Email Marketing or more commonly called List building makes use of Email marketing wherein one has to build relationships with its customers and is particularly effective in building targeted traffic. It is the most highly rated way of making money in the Internet. Services are providing services such as weight loss program, quit smoking plan and etc. This provides more consumer interaction and is recommended if one excels in interacting with people. There are also more specific types of business models and more recognizable which is the Retail and Wholesale which is like an online store version of a store such as SM, Costco or Walmart. The main difference between them is that one is whole sale and the other is not. This requires a higher investment compared to other business models since additional cost through shipping products, payment processing, customer service and etc are accumulated. Creating a website for online business According to Poo (2008), in creating one’s website for business purposes, the first step is to determine one’s goals on what will one use the site for? Is it for retailing or purely marketing website? These are some things that need pondering before designing a website to make it an effective website. By brainstorming and finding out the main goals, determining the genre of the website is the next step. This will determine the pros and cons of the website. There are four genres of websites which are the sales or retailing, marketing, information and a web-based application. Poo (2008) describes that retailing or sales website it focuses much on a lot of pictures, sporadic text on product descriptions and these sites are very user friendly and easy to navigate. However, one disadvantage of retail websites is that they are not usually recognized by search engines and one way of counteracting that and bringing in traffic is making use of affiliate programs. Marketing websites compared to retailing websites is that it is designed to sell a product and one product only. Marketing website is very easy to design which feature mostly text and a few images. What is great about marketing websites is that it is perfectly positioned to make money through advertisements and affiliate programs and they are better optimized for search engines which are a huge advantage in getting traffic into the site. Information website compared to marketing and retailer is that its purpose is mainly to inform the consumers of its products or what is its trying to sell. Although some corporate websites such as Nokia, Honda, Sony, and etc. are information websites that can also sell, they are primarily designed to inform its consumers. Information websites are only recommended for businesses that has a national or international presence since local businesses that only has a local presence only gets a few visits on its website while having a business that has a nationwide presence gives off many visits and informs its consumers well on its products. Web based application works like traditional programs but the difference is that web based application is accessed through the web unlike traditional programs which are installed beforehand. It’s basically computer based application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment. This type of business venture requires a team of programmers who are creative and persevering. The payoff is very profitable but this type of business is not recommended for the newcomers. Efficiency of Online Business compared to Traditional Business According to (Nielsen, 2008), about over 85% of the world’s online population has used the internet to make a purchase which is a staggering 875 million people. Reason why there is a huge percentage of the online community using internet for purchasing is that the internet is unrivaled for its convenience when it comes to researching and shopping. Consumers nowadays would rather stay at the comfort of their homes shopping than travel and find their desired product which is very tiring compared to single click buying. In Philippine context, about 45% of Filipino online population has purchased through online means. Compared to other countries like South Korea which hails to be the number 1 in frequency of using internet for shopping, Philippines is near the bottom list of infrequent use of online shopping. However, for a third world country like Philippines this is a new innovation that is newly tapped into by consumers and in a few years the trend would be increase in use of online shopping could be observed just like what is observed in the Global population which jumped 40% for only two years. In matters of what people look for in an online shop, according to (Nielsen, 2008). â€Å"In selecting sites on which to shop, one-third used a search engine or just surfed around to find the best online store. One in four relied on personal recommendations. It is said that once an online shop captures the hearts and loyalty of its consumers about 60% of these consumers would tend to stick to the same shop in buying its products since consumer relationship has been playing a large role in making these online businesses successful. Furthermore, recommendations from fellow consumers also play a huge role in making an online site successful. Feedback is one important aspect in closing transactio ns in online businesses especially businesses on online auctions or social networking sites that seem to make 1st time online shoppers reluctant to purchase. Using Social Networking for Business According to (Brown of Inc. Technology), online social networking sites are new grounds for profiteering through online means. It is said that two out of every three internet user has used or visited a social networking site according to internet research company Compete. These numbers alone show the potential of what social networking has to offer for business opportunities. Among social networking sites, Myspace, multiply, facebook and etc. are the popular ones while there are other networking sites that have been primarily geared towards entrepreneurs such as LinkedIn, Ryze and Spoke. One of the main strengths and factor in making a successful social networking business is to focus on building networks. First is to find the niche and build the appropriate networks that fit the desired business niche. This is the essential step if not the key step in establishing a successful online business through social networking sites. References: Adam, Z. R. (2003). E-commerce and e-business. Manila, Philippines: United Nations Development Programme. Brown, D. (2009). Using Social Networking for Business. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://technology. nc. com/internet/articles/200611/interneticebreakers. html Nielsen (2009). Trends in Online Shopping. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://th. nielsen. com/site/documents/GlobalOnlineShoppingReportFeb08. pdf Poo, C. (2007) Build Website Online. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://www. cessypoo. com/build-website-online. html Starting an internet business- we make it simple (2010). Types of Business Models- Step 2. Retrieved March 14, 2010 from the World Wide Web: http://biggbucksonline. com/2009/08/25/types-of-internet-business-models/ How to cite Forms and Classification of Online Business, Papers

Organizational Learning Ambidexterity and Strategic Flexibility

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Learning Ambidexterity and Strategic Flexibility. Answer: Introduction Amazon, also called Amazon.com is an electronic commerce and cloud computing Corporation situated in Seattle, Washington, in the USA. Just like other companies in various other industries such as Google, Apple, and Facebook, Amazon.com is an outstanding collector of consumer information. The organization knows quite a lot about their customers, what they may be looking for to purchase, and what is going on in their lives. Recently, Amazon has confirmed that this year it will establish warehousing and distribution in the Australian market. For the citizens of Australia, Amazon's strategy will mean cheaper access to a wide array of products, but unfortunately, it might be at the expense of other retailers in this market. Australians can now access a wide assortment of brands from this world's biggest retailer at promising reasonable prices and at faster delivery times. This company might introduce a new service called Amazon Prime, which enables buyers to pay an annual fee of approximately $100 for quick and free delivery. In addition, the firm may as well launch a service called Amazon Now, which delivers commodities such as groceries in a period of one hour. However, as Mr. Woolford, the Citi's managing director and head of consumer sector research said, it is not easy to say that Australian retailers are actually prepared to accept Amazon and as such their success in this market will depend entirely on marketing strategies to be employed (Hobday, 2017). In reaction to Amazon's strategic move, competitor companies in Australia might augment their marketing stratagems and pose a significant challenge to this firm almost forcing it out of the market. This essay will provide the marketing personnel in Amazon with an apparent breakthrough how the organization can establish itself successfully in the Australian market. The Product-Market Expansion Grid The Product-Market Expansion Grid sometimes referred to as Ansoff Matrix is a strategic management approach which was created by Igor Ansoff. This marketing stratagem is known to have been used by many leading multinational corporations such as General Electric, IBM, and Philips (Senecal and Nantel, 2004). The Product-Market Expansion Grid is one of the major contributions of Ansoff that is significantly applied by organizations intending to develop approaches to grow and advance their business transactions (Krstic, and Ivanovic, 2011). Fortenberry, (2013, p.269) defines Product-Market Expansion Grid as a tool applied to augment business expansion stratagems by assessing the relationship between the existing and new products, current and new markets, as well as the peril linked with every possible relationship. Ansoff Matrix as supported by many academics assists in business growth plans by the introduction of new or existing commodities, in new or existing marketplaces. Ansoff Matrix is premeditated such that as the corporation schemes its current and fresh commodities and marketplaces, the magnitude of peril connected to that particular approach matches its location on the model. Growing stratagems through current commodities and markets is truncated in terms of the peril associated, but with new brands and marketplaces, risk upsurges (Hunter and Chen, 2011). The Product-Market Expansion Grid provides four primary recommended approaches, namely: market development, marketplace penetration, brand diversification, as well as development. In the subsequent sections of this paper, these four marketing tactics suggested by Ansoff will be expounded in the light of Amazon Australia, and particularly how the Company can implement them to succeed in this competitive market. Ansoffs grid is presented diagrammatically as follows; 1. Market penetration strategy 3. Product development strategy 2. Market development strategy 4. Diversification strategy Market Penetration Strategy which falls in quadrant 1 generates development by concentrating on launching current brands to an existing marketplace. In such cases, potential buyers might be aware of the commodity, but due to some reasons they are not consuming it (Sudo, n.d.) Amazon can use this strategy to accomplish various objectives. The Corporation can, for instance, increase usage of its brands among the existing customers by offering special incentives and loyalty schemes. In addition, the organization can force major competitors out of the market through aggressive products pricing coupled with extensive promotional campaigns. Moreover, Amazon.com can implement this strategy to secure dominance by recognizing specific market segments offering the best prospects for new products at their disposal. Ultimately, this Ansoff's strategy can significantly aid Amazon in growing or increasing its Australian market share by implementing outstanding marketing schemes such as pricing, ad vertisements, rigorous product promotions stratagems as well upsurge in sales exertions (Manion, and Cherion, 2009). Market Development Strategy The Market Development Strategy which falls in second quadrant is applied whenever the brand is a current one, but then the marketplace is new. In other words, this approach is employed every time a firm has recognized new arcades which were beforehand undisclosed, or the moment it intends to advance its souk coverage. Competitors might be taking dominance in the new market or in some instances; it might transpire that the fresh firm might be accepted in an extremely positive manner. In whichever way, there exist various strategies a company for example Amazon can apply to go in and improve its novel Australian bazaar for its commodities. Amazon.com is able to concentrate on introducing its brands in new and untapped geographical regions. This move can aid the firm in circumventing stiff competition in the already established markets where the majority of the buyers go shopping. In addition, Amazon can introduce new pricing mechanisms purposely to attract new target groups to purchas e their brands. By doing so, the organization will be able to secure its loyal customer base to sustain it even during unfavorable economic conditions. Moreover, innovative delivery networks can be generated to provide commodities in firsthand approaches as well as to new buyers (Robinson and Lundstrom, 2003). Again, this strategy will help Amazon in standing out in the industry since it enables the company to present its operation mannerisms in a unique fashion. Product Development Strategy Often Product Development Strategy, in quadrant 3, is employed when a corporation is introducing a new product in an existing market. This might take place because the firm's goods and services are not retailing frequently or may be it has spotted a fresh market segment that it had untapped previously and hence intends to launch firsthand commodity to upsurge its trades. At this point, the entity may be impelled to have new competencies and skills in order to develop its products successfully. Besides, as pointed out by Wei, Yi, and Guo, (2013) this strategy might be more expensive than market engrossed approaches and also needs more time. Amazon, for instance, requires to place more emphasize on detailed assessment of consumer needs and wants, exploration and development, coupled with early introduction to ascertain that commodities are first to market. The corporation can implement various methodologies to stimulate growth in the Australian market. For example, it can consider addi ng new features to its existing brands to attract more customers. Besides, groundbreaking and novel expertise can be supplemented to Amazons products to develop them and thus become more appealing in the eyes of the buyers. These two tactics will not only enable the corporation to develop its commodities, but they will also go a long way to aid it in acquiring a competitive edge in the foreign market (Skilton and Bernardes, 2014). Diversification Strategy Diversification Strategy is predominantly employed whenever new commodities are presented to novel souks. Chen, Jiang, Wang, and Chung Hsu, (2014) coin the perception that diversification in the Ansoff grid is the riskiest of alxl strategies. This approach needs the greatest degree of investment of various capitals such as time and resources. Therefore, Amazon should be adequately prepared concerning finance, and other necessitates before launching its commodities in Australia. Even though this approach seems the most costly, it will provide Amazon.com with a security advantage such that in case of deterioration in a particular segment, the corporation is able to depend on an alternative. Ansoff emphasizes that this approach could allow an organization to gain newfangled skills, facilities, and even operating techniques. Outstanding viability studies and research are vital to ascertain a winning plan. In our case scenario, Amazon Inc. can consider various diversification strategies. They include conglomerate diversification, horizontal diversification, and concentric diversification. In attempt to explain the aforementioned diversification approaches, Daidj, (2015) uses an example of a corporation that manufactures glass materials. Through concentric modification, the company renowned for producing glass jars for the industries dealing in foodstuffs can enter the building arcade by the production of cut-glass blocks. Amazon Inc. is known as among the leading firms dealing in electronic gadgets such as DVSs, CDs, audiobook downloads, and video games. Therefore, in accordance to Daidj, (2015) Amazon can venture into the film market mainly through the production of movies. Through horizontal diversification, glass jar producer realizes the opening to provide specific cement commodities through which it can use to make goblet brick bulwarks. In our case scenario, Amazon may see an opportunity to offer specialized movie shooting software in the Australian market. And finally, through conglomerate diversification, the company handling glass materials can acquire the producer of colored dies which it can use in coloring the glass products it makes. Amazon, therefore, can obtain the producer of movie animations or computer graphics with which it can use to improve the quality of its films. How Amazon can Use the Product-Market Expansion Grid In order to benefit a lot and make the best out of Product-Market Expansion Grid, Amazon needs to comprehend where its unsurpassed prospects are in regard to the current position. The amount of resources the company can expand, as well the magnitude of risk it is capable of sustaining. This means that Amazon should first grow its competencies and resource base in order to enter the Australian market successfully. In the same breath, it is advisable for Amazon.com to employ various risk evaluation tool and gauge the amount of risk it can carry (Hagelin and Pramborg, 2004). While Ansoff Matrix is quite expedient for comprehending how to perceive various commerce development approaches, it hardly clarifies what necessary schedules Amazon ought to take. As soon as the corporation has recognized its position in the lattice, what its interior abilities are in addition to the magnitude of hazard it is able to carry on, the next step is to carry out a thorough market research. Adding in a well-thought-out market analysis will transform the content of this model from just a mere theory to resourceful information that Amazon can take action on (Connor, n.d.). Conclusion As Amazon purports to enter and emerge the game changer in the Australian market, local retailers in this industry have vowed to fight it and as a result, the firm may be making lots of sales but booking no profits. Amazon thus needs to reinvent its business success frameworks to fend off the local threat, and as supported throughout this essay, automation is the key. There are many tactics and strategies which Amazon can use to take root, expand, and compete favorably with other retail companies in Australia. In the contemporary business environment, the most commonly applied strategy which Amazon.com can as well use is market penetration. This approach has emerged the commonest in today's business world for the reason that the marketplace is gradually appearing a jam-packed setting with commodities being presented every day in current market subdivisions. Nevertheless, to secure control and dominance in the foreign market, Amazon needs to implement other strategies such as diversif ication, market development, and product improvement strategies to get ahead of the competition in the international market. References Chen, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, C. and Chung Hsu, W. (2014). How do resources and diversification strategy explain the performance consequences of internationalization? Management Decision, 52(5), pp.897-915. Connor, J. (n.d.). Evolving Research on Price Competition in the Grocery Retailing Industry: An Appraisal. SSRN Electronic Journal. Daidj, N. (2015).Developing Strategic Business Models and Competitive Advantage in The Digital Sector. Http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct=TrueScope=SiteDb=NlebkDb=NlabkAn=878601 Fortenberry, J. L. (2013).Nonprofit Marketing. Burlington, Ma, Jones Bartlett Learning. Hagelin, N. and Pramborg, B. (2004). Dynamic investment strategies with and without emerging equity markets. Emerging Markets Review, 5(2), pp.193-215. Hobday, L. (2017). ABC News. Can Australian retailers survive in the Amazon jungle? [Online] Accessed on 25th March 2017. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-22/amazon-to-launch-in-australia-as-local-retailers-vow-to-fight/8376936 Hunter, M. and Chen, R. (2011). From Management to Sustainability: Strategies for Producers, Consumers, and Small Businesses. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 1(1). Krstic, B. and Ivanovaic, V. (2011). Conceptual Framework in Creating and Selecting the Performance Measurement System for Marketing Strategy Control. Marketing, 42(1), pp.27-43. Manion, M. and Cherion, J. (2009). "Impact of Strategic Type on Success Measures for Product Development Projects*." Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(1), pp.71-85. Robinson, G. and Lundstrom, W. (2003). Market expansion strategy: development of a conceptual market expansion decision scorecard. Journal Strategic Change, 12(5), pp.259-272. Senecal, S. and Nantel, J. (2004). The influence of online product recommendations on consumers online choices. Journal of Retailing, 80(2), pp.159-169. Skilton, P. and Bernardes, E. (2014). Competition network structure and product market entry. Strategic Management Journal, 36(11), pp.1688-1696. Sudo, T. (n.d.). How Does the Market-Based Intermediary Sector Affect the Business Cycle? A Consideration Based on a DSGE Framework. SSRN Electronic Journal. Wei, Z., Yi, Y. and Guo, H. (2013). Organizational Learning Ambidexterity, Strategic Flexibility, and New Product Development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), pp.832-847.

Jean De Florette Essays - Emotions, Films, Italian Films

Jean De Florette Jean de Florette Love is one of the biggest parts in this movie, if not the biggest part. Jean de Florette to me is a love story, throughout the movie the talk of love was always present. Even the place it was set in is about love France; love is the first thing I think of when people talk about France. In this move almost every character has thoughts of love. Jean de Florette had the most passion for life in this movie. When he talked he showed so much life, with every word he spoke he expressed it as if it were his destiny. Jean loved his family, and he would have done anything for them. Through out the movie he showed many examples just out of love, for instance when they needed water for there farm, he would go to the stream down the hill packed with water pails on his back numerous times a day. He did that because of love. Jean, Aimee, and Manon all shared a special bond between them, like they all understood how each other felt without even asking. The woman in Jeans life was Aimee, she was a very strong hearted and honest woman. A former opera singer in the city, she moved out to Ruissatel because of her love for Jean. This wasnt her favorite place but she was willing to give it a try for Jean. When Jean was going to the stream to get water for the farm she was right by his side. She was his sole partner and would be by his side forever. Manon was I love with one man, her father. She loved him to death, and would have done anything for him. When they were on the farm she would ask to help just to be a part of her fathers dream. After he died she felt a lot of remorse, for a very long time. Manon started to float away from everything as she got older, her mother, the town, and friends. This stayed like this until a strange man came to town, he was the new teacher and she fell in love at first site. Eventually they became very close and both fell in love and got married. Now there have been only two men in her life that she as learned to love. Ugolin is the most un-romantic person in the whole movie, but some how he finds a place in his heart and falls in love with Manon. With the first sight of her he had nothing else in his mind, but to find a way to get her. His whole life he had nothing else on his mind except farming and making a living. Before he saw her though he was all about growing carnations because of the money and he loved the look of them. Ugolin fell in love and failed in the process of capturing her love. Cesar probably had the most romantic heart out of all the characters, but he also had one of the most corrupted hearts as well. His heart of love was the stronger of the two, he had a love of his life when he was younger but he let it get away from him because he was ignorant about continuing his quest for love. After Cesar lost his passion to love again he put his efforts into being an important person in the town. There was no other family besides Ugolin so he was the only other person that he had love for. Cesar tried to help Ugolin find love so he wouldnt be alone like himself, and he almost succeeded but he forgot to teach him about perseverance. Florette Camoins was in love with Cesar and he loved her back. She lost her love for Cesar the same way Cesar lost his love for her, not trusting each other that there love would never fade. After she lost her love she found a new person that was going to take his place. Love is a powerful gift that can not be taken for granted, with out love none of these people in the movie would have had a real purpose except to work and

Yale School of Management Programs and Admissions

Yale School of Management Programs and Admissions Yale School of Management, also known as Yale SOM, is part of Yale University, a private research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Although  Yale University is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the United States, the School of Management wasnt founded until the 1970s and didnt begin offering an MBA program until 1999. Although Yale School of Management hasnt been around nearly as long as some business and management schools, it is very well-known and has a reputation for being one of the best business schools in the world. Yale School of Management is one of six Ivy League business schools in the United States. It is also one of the M7, an informal network of elite business schools.   Yale School of Management Programs Yale School of Management offers a wide range of business education programs for students at the graduate level. Degree programs include the  Full-Time MBA program, MBA for Executives program,  Master of Advanced Management program,  PhD program and  Joint Degree programs.  Non-degree programs include Executive Education programs.   Full-Time MBA Program The Full-Time MBA program at Yale School of Management has an integrated curriculum that teaches not only management fundamentals, but also big picture perspectives to help you understand organizations and business as a whole. Much of the curriculum relies on raw cases, which provide you with robust data to help you learn how to make tough decisions in real-world business scenarios. Students who want to apply to the Full-Time MBA program Yale School of Management must submit an online application between July and April. Yale School of Management has round applications, which means that there are multiple application deadlines. To apply, you need transcripts from every college you attended, two recommendation letters, and official GMAT or GRE scores. You must also submit an essay and answer several application questions so that the admissions committee can learn more about you and your desired career path. MBA for Executives Program The MBA for Executives program at Yale School of Management is a 22-month program for working professionals. Classes are held on the weekends (Fridays and Saturdays) on the Yale campus. About 75% of the curriculum is devoted to general business education; the remaining 25% is devoted to the students chosen area of focus. Like the Full-Time MBA program at Yale School of Management, the MBA for Executives program has an integrated curriculum and relies heavily on raw cases to teach students business principles. This program is designed for working professionals, so Yale School of Management does require you to maintain employment while enrolled at in the MBA for Executives program. To apply to this program, you need to submit GMAT, GRE or the Executive Assessment (EA) scores; a resume; two professional recommendations and two essays. You do not need to submit official transcripts to apply, but you will need to submit transcripts if you enroll. Joint Degree Programs The Joint Degree programs at Yale School of Management offer students the opportunity to earn an MBA degree in combination with a degree from another Yale school. Joint Degree options include: MBA/JD with Yale Law SchoolMBA/MEM or MF with Yale School of Forestry Environmental StudiesMBA/MA in Global Affairs with the Jackson Institute for Global AffairsMBA/MD with Yale School of MedicineMBA/MPH with Yale School of Public Health   MBA/MARCH with Yale School of ArchitectureMBA/MFA with Yale School of DramaMBA/MDIV or MAR with Yale Divinity SchoolMBA/PhD with Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Some Joint Degree programs have two-year, three-year, and four-year options. Curriculum and application requirements vary by program. Visit the Yale School of Management website to learn more. Master of Advanced Management Program The Master of Advanced Management (MAM) program at Yale School of Management is a one-year degree program specifically for graduates of Global Network for Advanced Management member schools. The program is meant to provide advanced management education to exceptional students who have already earned an MBA degree. About 20% of the MAM curriculum consists of core courses, while the other 80% of the program is devoted to electives. To apply to the MAM program at Yale School of Management, you need an MBA or an equivalent degree from a Global Network for Advanced Management member school. You will also need to submit one professional recommendation, official transcripts and standardized test scores from one of the following tests: GMAT, GRE, PAEP, China’s MBA Entrance Exam or ieGAT. PhD Program The PhD program at Yale School of Management provides advanced business and management education for students who are seeking a career in academia. Students take 14 courses over the first two years and then work with the Director of Graduate Studies and faculty members to select additional courses to take over their remaining time in the program. Areas of focus on the PhD program include organizations and management, accounting, finance, operations and quantitative marketing. Students who are able to keep up with the demands of the program receive full financial aid. Applications for the PhD Program at Yale School of Management are accepted once each year. The deadline to apply is in early January of the year you wish to attend. To apply, you must submit three academic recommendations, GRE or GMAT scores and official transcripts. Published papers and writing samples are not required, but can be submitted to support other application materials. Executive Education Programs The Executive Education programs at Yale School of Management are open enrollment programs that put students in a room with accomplished Yale faculty members who are leaders in their respective fields. Programs focus on a variety of business and management topics and are available to both individuals and companies throughout the year. Custom programs are also available and can be tailored to the needs of each company. All of the Executive Education programs at Yale School of Management feature an integrated curriculum to help students master fundamentals and gain big picture perspectives.

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints Laetoli is the name of an archaeological site in northern Tanzania, where the footprints of three homininsancient human ancestors and most likely Australopithecus afarensiswere preserved in the ash fall of a volcanic eruption some 3.63-3.85 million years ago. They represent the oldest hominin footprints yet discovered on the planet.   The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, eroding out of a gully of the Nagarusi river, by team members from Mary Leakeys expedition to the main Laetoli site. Local Environment Laetoli lies in the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa, near the Serengeti Plain and not far from Olduvai Gorge. Three and a half million years ago, the region was a mosaic of different ecotones: montane forests, dry and moist woodlands, wooded and unwooded grasslands, all within about 50 km (31 miles) of the footprints. Most Australopithecine sites are located within such regionsplaces with a wide variety of plants and animals nearby. The ash was wet when the hominins walked through it, and their soft print impressions have given scholars in-depth information about the soft tissue and gait of Australopithecines not available from skeletal material. The hominin prints are not the only footprints preserved in the wet ashfall: animals walking through the wet ash included elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses and a wide variety of extinct mammals. In all there are 16 sites with footprints in Laetoli, the largest of which has 18,000 footprints, representing 17 different families of animals within an area of about 800 square meters (8100 square feet). Laetoli Footprint Descriptions The Laetoli hominin footprints are arranged in two 27.5 meter (89 foot) long trails, created in moist volcanic ash which later hardened because of desiccation and chemical change. Three hominin individuals are represented, called G1, G2, and G3. Apparently, G1 and G2 walked side by side, and G3 followed along behind, stepping on some but not all of the 31 footprints of G2. Based on known ratios of the length of a bipedal foot versus hip height, G1, represented by 38 footprints, was the shortest individual of the three, estimated at 1.26 meters (4.1 feet) or less in height. Individuals G2 and G3 were largerG3 was estimated at 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall. G2s steps were too obscured by G3s to estimate his/her height. Of the two tracks, G1s footprints are the best preserved; the track with footprints of both G2/G3 proved difficult to read, since they overlapped. A recent study (Bennett 2016) has allowed scholars to identify G3s steps apart from G2 more clearly, and reassess the hominin heightsG1 at 1.3 m (4.2 ft), G3 at 1.53 m (5 ft). Who Made Them? At least two sets of the footprints have been definitely linked to A. afarensis, because, like the fossils of afarensis, the Laetoli footprints do not indicate an opposable great toe. Further, the only hominin associated with Laetoli area at the time is A. afarensis. Some scholars have ventured to argue that the footprints are from an adult male and female (G2 and G3) and a child (G1); others say they were two males and a female. Three dimensional imaging of the tracks reported in 2016 (Bennett et al.) suggests that G1s foot had a different shape and depth of heel, a different hallux abduction and a different definition of the toes. They suggest three possible reasons; G1 is a different hominin from the other two; G1 walked at a different time from G2 and G3 when the ash was sufficiently different in texture, producing differently shaped impressions; or, the differences are a result of foot size / sexual dimorphism. In other words, G1 may have been, as others have argued, a child or a small woman of the same species. While there is some ongoing debate, most researchers believe that the Laetoli footprints show that our Australopithecine ancestors were fully bipedal, and walked in a modern manner, heel first, then toe. Although a recent study (Raichlen et al. 2008) suggests that the speed at which the footprints were made might affect the kind of gait required to make the marks; a later experimental study also led by Raichlen (2010) provides additional support for bipedalism at Laetoli. The Sadiman Volcano and Laetoli The volcanic tuff in which the footprints were made (called the Footprint Tuff or Tuff 7 at Laetoli) is a 12-15 centimeter (4.7-6 inches) thick layer of ash which fell on this region from the eruption of a nearby volcano. The hominins and a wide variety of other animals survived the eruptiontheir footprints in the muddy ash prove thatbut which volcano erupted has not been determined. Until relatively recently, the source of the volcanic tuff was thought to be the Sadiman volcano. Sadiman, located about 20 km (14.4 mi) southeast of Laetoli, is now dormant, but was active between 4.8 and 3.3 million years ago. A recent examination of outflows from Sadiman (Zaitsev et al 2011) showed that the geology of Sadiman does not fit perfectly with the tuff at Laetoli. In 2015, Zaitsev and colleagues confirmed that it was not Sadiman and suggested that the presence of nephelinite in Tuff 7 points to the nearby Mosonic volcano, but admit that there is not conclusive proof as of yet. Preservation Issues At the time of excavation, the footprints were buried between a few cm to 27 cm (11 in) deep. After excavation, they were reburied to preserve them, but the seeds of an acacia tree was buried within the soil and several acacias grew in the region to heights of over two meters before researchers noticed. Investigation showed that although those acacia roots did disturb some of the footprints, burying the footprints was overall a good strategy and did protect much of the trackway. A new conservation technique was begun in 1994 consisting of application of a herbicide to kill all the trees and brush, the placement of biobarrier mesh to inhibit root growth and then a layer of lava boulders. A monitoring trench was installed to keep an eye on the subsurface integrity. See Agnew and colleagues for additional information on the preservation activities. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Lower Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Agnew N, and Demas M. 1998. Preserving the Laetoli foodprints. Scientific American 279(44-55). Barboni D. 2014. Vegetation of Northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: A synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites. Quaternary International 322–323:264-276. Bennett MR, Harris JWK, Richmond BG, Braun DR, Mbua E, Kiura P, Olago D, Kibunjia M, Omuombo C, Behrensmeyer AK et al. 2009. Early Hominin Foot Morphology Based on 1.5-Million-Year-Old Footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323:1197-1201. Bennett MR, Reynolds SC, Morse SA, and Budka M. 2016. Laetoli’s lost tracks: 3D generated mean shape and missing footprints. Scientific Reports 6:21916. Crompton RH, Pataky TC, Savage R, DAoà »t K, Bennett MR, Day MH, Bates K, Morse S, and Sellers WI. 2012. Human-like external function of the foot, and fully upright gait, confirmed in the 3.66 million year old Laetoli hominin footprints by topographic statistics, experimental footprint-formation and computer simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9(69):707-719. Feibel CS, Agnew N, Latimer B, Demas M, Marshall F, Waane SAC, and Schmid P. 1995. The Laetoli Hominid footprintsA preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy. Evolutionary Anthropology 4(5):149-154. Johanson DC, and White TD. 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203(4378):321-330. Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA, Ward CV, Leakey MG, Rak Y, and Johanson DC. 2006. Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the hominin fossil record. Journal of Human Evolution 51:134-152. Leakey MD, and Hay RL. 1979. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278(5702):317-323. Raichlen DA, Gordon AD, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Foster AD, and Haas WR, Jr. 2010. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5(3):e9769. Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, and Sockol MD. 2008. The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor kinematics. Journal of Human Evolution 54(1):112-117. Su DF, and Harrison T. 2015. The paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli Tanzania: A review and synthesis. Journal of African Earth Sciences 101:405-419. Tuttle RH, Webb DM, and Baksh M. 1991. Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis. Human Evolution 6(3):193-200. Zaitsev AN, Spratt J, Sharygin VV, Wenzel T, Zaitseva OA, and Markl G. 2015. Mineralogy of the Laetolil Footprint Tuff: A comparison with possible volcanic sources from the Crater Highlands and Gregory Rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences 111:214-221. Zaitsev AN, Wenzel T, Spratt J, Williams TC, Strekopytov S, Sharygin VV, Petrov SV, Golovina TA, Zaitseva EO, and Markl G. 2011. Was Sadiman volcano a source for the Laetoli Footprint Tuff? Journal of Human Evolution 61(1):121-124.

Art using hand and brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art using hand and brain - Essay Example I have been crazy about drawing since I was six years old. I have always been interested in pictures and paintings. Drawing has occupied my mind since I was a kid, and has strengthened its root as I have grown older. People see images everywhere around them, and think that the artists draw those images out of the blue, without much thought and without much effort. However, that is not true at all. The truth is that artists spend ample time in thinking about the ideas behind every picture, and them bringing those ideas to life using imagination and innovation. However, that imagination, originality, and creativity is a gift of God that only some people possess. Artists think a lot before creating a picture. This is because they hold the responsibility for the message that they have to convey through the picture. Sometimes, the picture does not even have to be beautiful to convey the message. The artist uses his brains to deliver the message in the most beautiful way, so that the peopl e do not only enjoy the beauty of the picture, but also get the message in it. Whenever I have to draw a picture, first of all I make a sketch of it using pencil. This sketch is not beautiful at all unless I try to put the idea I have in mind into the picture, using my imagination. But of course, I cannot bring the picture to life without using my brains. The imagination comes from the brain; whereas, the hand can only draw some lines here and there. Hand lays the foundation, and the brain builds the whole building on that foundation. After I have drawn the basic sketch, I put color and beauty in it, keeping in mind that the basic message gets conveyed properly. Most often, I try to convey message about life. Once, I drew a sketch of a dark sea with bright blue horizon. When it was only a pencil sketch, it conveyed no message. But in mind, I had made a picture of happiness and gloom. Since life is a combination of happy and sad moments, I colored the sea very dark to represent gloom , and colored the horizon very bright to represent happiness. The picture turned out to be very remarkable, as it was a combination of sparkling colors, which actually depicted a contrast as happiness and sadness. The point I want to mention is that hand can only draw a basic outline of a picture, but to convey the true message, the artist uses his brains, from where the imagination comes from. Innovation arises from mental understanding of the message. If I had not put in the colors in the above mentioned picture, there was no way to convey the message properly. I am also very fascinated by street art. It is also a beautiful combination of hand and brain. It is an art which, sometimes, is regarded as an annoyance or as an act of vandalism; but most often, it is considered as a means of expressing disapproval about social or political issues prevailing in the society. This aspect of expressing dissent and using art to ask questions from the public or the government makes street art a form of public art. It is actually one of the most convenient means for the artist to show to the superiors what the public is going through and what they want. People find street art interesting, capture images, and discuss them with curiosity. This makes them ponder over what is the idea behind. The artist makes extensive use of his imagination, and puts that imagination into reality through the use of hand and brain. Putting it all together, art cannot be expressed in its true form, if the artist does not know

Issue of Children in Aboriginal Community Essay

Issue of Children in Aboriginal Community - Essay Example Aboriginal children exercise full power and liberty in all aspects of their lives, a fact that surprised many of the European colonialists who later construed that Aboriginal communities were over empowering their children and giving them unexceptional status and freedom that they did not deserve as children. European colonialist were amazed disciplinary measures used by aboriginal parents for instance, teasing and storytelling as a way of instilling discipline and moral to children. The focus and value of children between Aboriginal and European societies was entirely different because children were increasingly significant in aboriginal societies than in European societies. Children were as a source of pride, status and respect to Aboriginal people, and had freedom and power to take part in adult meetings and events. Discussion Although aboriginal children were the key source of pride for the community and the most crucial gift from God, the children and the wider aboriginal societ y have faced a drastic challenge in the modern society. Numerous statistical evidence reveal that two out of eight aboriginal children are living in absolute poverty; therefore, this calls for state and provincial administrations to implements some actions to improve the chances of living of the aboriginal children un urban regions and reserves. ... Regrettably, Canadian antiquity with regard to the Native community consideration is something people cannot appreciate. French and British cultural and racial autonomy attitudes lead to marginalization and oppression of Aboriginal culture and morals. As a community, Native people are loaded with historical attitudes and acts that lead to their reputation and cultural erosion, intimidating their values and dialects, and marginalizing their spiritual practices. It is clear that the effects of such actions interrupted, restricted and ruined the status and reputation of the children by deprivation of Aboriginal historical land, displacement of the community and certain Indian Act requirements, (Francis, 1992). I think that the impacts of these actions led to the eradication of the educational, economic, and socio-political systems if the community (Aboriginal community). Aboriginal children of Canada have experience various injustices since the invasion of European. Before the arrival o f European colonizers, Aboriginal children learned through observation and apprenticeship and were morally cultured through this learning method. However, missionaries and other colonialists did not approve the traditional methods of Aboriginal education, (Francis, 1992). Similarly, in an attempt to subdue and dominate the land and the natives, they forced Aboriginal children to participate in Western system of education that involved daily attendance of residential schools leading to substantial conflict between Western and Native educational practices. Experts agree before colonizers arrival, Aboriginal societies had their own systems of